ICR2003: Short Courses

The International Congress of Refrigeration offered the following short courses to attendees.

Advances in Supermarket Refrigeration
Safety in the Handling of Cryogenics Fluids
Fundamentals of Refrigeration
Raising the Bar of Technician Competence
Energy Efficiency Improvement Opportunities in Industrial Refrigeration
Multi-Temperature Transport Unit Refrigeration Design
Designing Quiet Transport Refrigeration Equipment
Refrigerated Transport
Refrigeration and Electronic Cooling
Throttle Loss Power Recovery in Refrigeration and Cryogenics
Transport Refrigeration Food Safety & Quality
Integration of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning with Distributed Generation
Novel Methods of ACR and Humidity Control using Solid Desiccants

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Advances in Supermarket Refrigeration

Organizer: Van Baxter, Oak Ridge National Library

Course Objectives: Advances in Supermarket Refrigeration will look at improved refrigeration/heat recovery systems, analyses methods, refrigerant management, and secondary fluids. The presenters will share international experiences and results from refrigerant conservation and disposal programs.

Sharing results from IEA Annex 26 "Advanced supermarket refrigeration/heat recovery systems".
Stimulate application of modern heat recovery in supermarket refrigeration systems with minimal environmental impact through design aids.
Sharing international experiences and results from refrigerant conservation and disposal programs.

Outline:

Introduction and course overview
Summarize main results from Annex 26/demonstrate screening level supermarket system analysis tool
Field test experiences in Sweden/demonstration of CyberMart computer program
Update on secondary refrigerants for supermarket applications
Update on refrigerant management practices
Manufacturer's perspective on manufacturing, installation, operation, etc., issues with advanced system concepts

Speakers:V. Baxter/S. Fischer, USA, P. Lundqvist, Sweden, A. Melinder, Sweden,J. Bouma, IEA Heat Pump Centre Jack Esformes, Carrier, USA

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Safety in the Handling of Cryogenics Fluids

Organizer: Dr. Fred Eduskuty, Los Alamos National Library, retired

Course Objectives: This short course will examine the physiological, mechanical, and chemical hazards of handling cryogens. Lessons learned from accidents (including Apollo 13) will be reviewed.

Outline:

Introduction, the importance of safety in the handling of cryogens, and requirements for achieving safe operation.
Safety hazards.
Physiological hazards, freezing of human tissue, asphyxiation, and toxicity.
Mechanical hazards, cold embrittlement and hydrogen embrittlement, stresses caused by thermal contraction and thermal gradients, pressure buildup, condensation of higher boiling constituents.
Chemical hazards (combustion), hydrogen, methane, and oxygen, combustion properties, ignition sources, types of combustion.
Some accidents, liquid nitrogen dewar explosions, liquid helium dewar rupture, Apollo 13 accident, others.
Conclusion, some general requirements for safe operation.

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Fundamentals of Refrigeration

Organizer:Russell V. LoGalbo, Carrier Corporation

Course Objective:This short course will cover the basic refrigeration cycle, the operation and function of various components in a refrigeration system and will lead to an understanding of the systems in which these components are used.

Outline:

Understand the refrigeration cycle
- The students will learn the top ten basic refrigeration terms:
  Superheat, High Side, Heat of Compression, Enthalpy, Refrigeration Effect, Low Side, Sub-cooling, Vapor Quality, Saturated Suction
Learn to use
- Refrigerant P-H Charts
- Refrigerant Saturation Tables
Learn to analyze a typical refrigeration cycle
Operation and function of various components used in a commercial refrigeration system
- Brief Description and Typical Application
- Types of Components
- Metering Devices
- Sight Glasses and Moisture Indicators
- System Protectors
- Temperature and Pressure Controls
- Valves (ball valves, diaphragm, globe valves, relief valves)
- Defrost Controls
- Brazed Plate Heat Exchanges
- Oil Lube Protection Controls
- Oil Control Systems
- Receivers
- Accumulators
- Regulators
- Solenoids
- Compressors
Types of commercial refrigeration equipment and systems.

Speakers:Russell V. LoGalbo, Carrier Corporation, Commercial Refrigeration Marketing Manager, Replacement Components Division

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Raising the Bar of Technician Competence

Organizer: Rex Boyton, North American Technician Excellence (NATE)

Course Objective: Attendees will learn examine how to create, stimulate and recognize HVACR technician excellence, through a recognized certificate program involving all levels of the HVAC distribution chain.

Summary:

For years, the HVACR industry has struggled to combine technical skills and knowledge into a comprehensive testing program that represents the entire industry. NATE has changed the "face" of that debate and focused attention on "doing the job right - the first time!" As the leading certification organization for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and refrigeration technicians, NATE has been endorsed by the U.S. Department of Energy and is supported by contractors, distributors, educators, manufacturers, technicians and their trade associations, as the standard of excellence for installation and servicing of HVACR equipment. This course is designed for anyone interested in improving and measuring technician knowledge through an independently validated certification process.

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Energy Efficiency Improvement Opportunities in Industrial Refrigeration

Organizer: Doug Reindl, University of Wisconsin, Industrial Refrigeration Consortium

Course Objective: The fundamentals of both single-and multi-stage industrial refrigeration compression systems will be examined, including benchmarking systems, analyzing energy bills, and identifying energy savings opportunities.

Outline:

Refrigeration Systems Review

Single stage compression systems

Direct expansion
Flooded
Liquid overfeed

Multi-stage compression systems

Direct liquid expansion
Indirect liquid expansion

Preview of energy conservation measures

Benchmarking Systems

Is your system efficient?

Overview of Benchmarking

Billing Analysis

Demand diversity
Energy use diversity
Load factors

Case Study: Bakery

Uncovering Energy Saving Opportunities

Creating a recipe for success
Floating head pressure control
- Why float head pressure?
- What are the limitations?
- Condenser sizing and selection considerations
- Case studies
Compressor control
- Recips vs. screws
- Selection considerations
- Sequencing and control in multi-compressor systems
Multi-Stage Systems
- Is there an optimum interstage pressure?
- If so, how do I determine it?
- Swing systems

Next Steps

How/When to Implement
Validation/Verification
Continuous Improvement

Speaker: Doug Reindl, University of Wisconsin, Industrial Refrigeration Consortium

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Multi-Temperature Transport Unit Refrigeration Design

Organizer: Robert Chopko, Transicold

Course Objective: This short course will help the engineer / system designer to understand the fundamental aspects of transport unit refrigeration design as related to multi-temperature applications. The differing North American and European markets and the designs that are focused at these markets, will be discussed.

Interested Parties: Engineers, designers, and those interested in the Multi-Temp transport refrigeration business

Outline:

Understand how a multi-temperature transport refrigeration unit works.
The attendees will learn the basic control systems available for the most popular multi-temp configurations in NAO and Europe.
Understand the international differences between refrigerated trailer construction.
Learn to estimate Multi-Temperature loads and select appropriate remote evaporator sizes for electric and hot gas systems.
Proposal of a testing procedure for refrigeration units with several remote evaporators.
Limitations of Remote Evaporator placement for NAO and European trucks & trailers.

Speakers: Robert Chopko, Andre Stumpf Carrier Corporation, Carrier Transicold Division, robert.chopko@carrier.utc.com, andre.stumpf@carrier.utc.com

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Designing Quiet Transport Refrigeration Equipment

Organizer: Richard Wood, Carrier Corporation

Course Objective:This course will review acoustic fundamentals, typical transport refrigeration systems, designing the air-side for quiet operation, and designing the power side for quiet operation.

Outline:

Introduction & course overview
Why do we need quiet equipment?
- Customer satisfaction
- Community expectations
- International & domestic legislation
Fundamentals of Acoustics
- Basic concepts
- Methods of measurement
- Methods of analysis (including sound quality)
Description of a typical transport refrigeration system and identification of primary sound sources
Quiet design & noise reduction - air management systems
- Flow path design and fan drive strategies
- Fan selection and sizing
- Low noise fan design details
- Fan noise treatment
Quiet design & noise reduction - diesel engines, gear boxes, etc.
- Diesel Intake treatment
- Diesel Exhaust Treatment
- Enclosure design concepts
- Gear noise
Summary

Speakers: Richard Wood, Staff Engineer, Carrier Transicold & Peter Bushnell, Principle Engineer, Carrier Transicold

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Refrigerated Transport

Organizer: Robert D Heap MBE, President of Section D, Scientific Council of the IIR

Course Objectives:An international overview of refrigerated transport (land, sea & air) applications and technologies will be the focus of this short course. The methods of testing and rating refrigerated transport equipment will be covered.

To inform interested people of the range of transport refrigeration applications, of the technologies in use and their capabilities, and of methods of testing and rating transport refrigeration equipment.
To bring people up to date with the latest developments in transport refrigeration.
To provide US attendees with a view of transport refrigeration in Europe and the rest of the world.
To provide non-US attendees with an overview of transport refrigeration in the USA.

Outline:

Refrigerated transportation by sea and air.
Refrigerated transport by land.
Refrigerated transport in the USA.

Speaker: Jayaram Seshadri, ThermoKing Corporation, Jacques Guilpart, Head of Engineering Research Unit with Cemagref / GPAN, and Dr. G. Panozzo, Head of the Padua

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Refrigeration and Electronic Cooling

Organizer: Reinhard Radermacher, rader@eng.umd.edu

Course Objective:The short course will introduce the participants to the emerging challenges and the technologies that are being developed to address the cooling of electronic equipment, particularly non-conventional technologies.

Outline:

State-of-art cooling approaches for computer rooms and server farms
Expected challenges in server farm cooling requirements
Distributed generation in server farm applications
Airflow modeling in server farms
Emerging solution approaches for high heat flux applications
Discussion: Where do vapor compression systems fit in?

Speakers: R. Radermacher, A. Bar-Cohen, M. Ohadi,Cooling System Manufacturer Representative Server Manufacturer Representative

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Throttle Loss Power Recovery in Refrigeration and Cryogenics

Organizer:Joost J. Brasz, Carrier Corporation

Course Objective:

This short course will look at options for recovering throttle loss power with a variety of expansion devices in centrifugal, screw, scroll, and other compressor types and for a variety of refrigerants. The energy-saving potential of these devices will be analyzed.

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Transport Refrigeration Food Safety & Quality

Organizer: Michael Murdock, Transicold

Course Objective: The objective of this short course is to provide an update on technology developments in the transport refrigeration industry to insure food safety and quality during transportation. The course will examine the major issues and how technology can be enhanced to insure safety and quality.

Outline:

What are the issues?
- Increase in customer awareness
- Retailers focusing on food quality
- Heightened awareness via media
- Food borne illness cases
How important is food safety?
- 33 million effected each year
- 7,000 people die each year
- Cost to the industry is huge
Transport refrigeration technology enhancements to insure food safety & quality
- Capacity
- Air management
- Microprocessor controls
- Multi-temp units
- Data recorders
Conclusions
- Understand food safety & quality issues
- Specify equipment properly to insure product protection
- Become an industry expert
- Educate customers

Speaker: Michael J. Murdock, Carrier Corporation,Trailer Product Manager, Carrier Transicold Division

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Integration of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning with Distributed Generation

Organizer: Reinhard Radermacher, University of Maryland

Course Objective:

To provide participants with an overview of the opportunities and challenges offered through the integration of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems with prime movers such as engines, (micro) turbines and fuel cells.

Outline:

Survey of prime mover state-of-the-art technology
Integration options, expected energy savings and environmental benefits
Installation examples
- Air-conditioning
- Refrigeration

Speakers: Reinhard Radermacher, University of Maryland; Patricia Garland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Richard Sweetser, Exergy Partners; Zhang Yue, Broad Air Conditioning, PRC

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Novel Methods of ACR and Humidity Control using Solid Desiccants

Organizer: Jerry Wurm, Gas Technology Institute

Course Objective:

This course will provide an update on the use of solid desiccants (both open and closed-systems) including the basic concepts, performance, applications, and markets.